Surface and Subsurface Fiber-Orientation-Angle Measurements in Three Office Papers, 2008 PAPERCON Conference

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A modified fiber-orientation tester uses polarization processing of reflected light from paper to provide both surface and subsurface fiber-orientation angles. This makes possible both thickness-direction and cross-machine-direction profiling. Results obtained from two Fourdrinier machines show that subsurface angles are not well represented by a trended average of felt and wire surface angles. In fact, they can lie outside the range of surface angles and change sign unexpectedly. Sign changes suggest that the cross flows on the wire responsible for fiber misalignment may have strong shearing components that could be important to formation and hard-to-handle dimensional stability issues such as cockle. Results from office papers made on two Fourdrinier machines show significant difference in subsurface fiber-orientation-angle behavior. These include results from two papers from the same machine differing in grammage by only 10 g/m² (gsm).