On the Modeling and Characterization of the Tensile Response of Paper, TAPPICon24
TAPPI Test method T 494 is used to obtain the tensile properties of paper under conditions of a constant rate of elongation. From the results of this test we obtain measures of tensile stiffness, tensile strength, tensile stretch, and tensile energy absorption. While, the resulting load-deformation curve of a tensile test is a direct consequence of the material properties of the paper, the curve by itself cannot fully elucidate the underlying material properties that contribute to the observed response. In converting and end-use the performance of paper and paper products results from more complicated loading histories than cannot be captured using only the properties obtained from a standard tensile test. Even if we limit ourselves to cases of constant temperature, constant moisture, and uniaxial loading, differences in both time-scale and load-history impact performance to a greater extent than can be predicted from the properties of a standard tensile test. A T-494 tensile curve could be fit with an infinite number of models, but many of them could not be extrapolated to any other loading cases. For example, a nonlinear elastic model would be incapable of predicting permanent deformation. Including rate-independent plasticity will not provide for creep and stress relaxation. Thus, we need a model that properly appropriates the various elastic and inelastic contributors for a wide range of both load-levels and time-frames. The types of behaviors that are observed from the general uniaxial tensile response of paper are presented. A model is used to simulate this response the impact of ignoring some behaviors is demonstrated. The objective of this work is to provide an understanding, an appreciation, and outline a path towards developing the material testing methods required to obtain paper properties sufficient to simulate and predict field performance.
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