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Much has been learned recently about crystallization of Na2CO3, Na2SO4 and double salts of these species, and its relationship to fouling in black liquor evaporators and high solids concentrators. This recently acquired information, together with solubilities and mass balances, has been used to evaluate the conditions that lead to fouling in black liquor evaporators, and to guide the development of alternative process configurations and modes of operation to control the rate of deposition of soluble scales.
This review paper discusses the recent findings and their applicability to reduce or eliminate soluble-scale deposition in black liquor evaporators. Additional needs for information to further improve evaporator performance are identified.
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Controlling Sodium Salt Deposits in Black Liquor Evaporators: A Review, 2004 International Chemical