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For several decades, paper cross sections have been used to characterize coated and uncoated papers. Light and electron-microscopic analysis of paper in cross section have been used to determine pigment/filler distribution, internal fiber structure, as we11 as defect composition and structure. The use of image-analysis techniques has allowed the determination of average coating thicknesses for individual samples up to several hundred microns in length. Statistical data have shown acceptable precision with standard deviations used to estimate base paper roughness.
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Evaluation of a Technique to Determine Paper-Coating Thickness Using Electron Microscopy and Image A